refers to potential toxic impacts on an ecosystem, which may damage individual species as well as the functioning of the ecosystem. Some substances have a tendency to accumulate in living organisms. The unit of measurement is Comparative Toxic Unit for ecosystems (CTUe). This is based on a model called USEtox.
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note: Although a lot of progress has been made in this field since the Apeldoorn Declaration, ICA and other metal associations deem toxicity impacts as insufficiently robust and accurate to be used for metals.
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